A root canal is a dental procedure used to treat infection or damage within the pulp of a tooth. The pulp is the innermost part, containing nerves and blood vessels. During the procedure, the dentist or endodontist removes the infected or damaged pulp, cleans and disinfects the inside of the tooth, and then fills and seals it to prevent future infections. This helps save the tooth and relieve pain. Root canals are often performed when a tooth is severely decayed, cracked, or has experienced trauma.

You might need a root canal if you experience some of the following signs:

1. Severe Toothache: Persistent pain that may worsen when chewing or applying pressure.

2. Sensitivity: Prolonged sensitivity to hot or cold, even after the source is removed.

3. Discoloration: A darkening of the tooth, which can indicate damage to the pulp.

4. Swelling or Tenderness: Swelling in the gums around the affected tooth or tenderness in the surrounding area.

5. Pus or Drainage: Any discharge from the gums, which can indicate infection.

6. Recurring Pain: Frequent pain in the same area that comes and goes.

Most teeth can be treated endodontically, but there are some exceptions. Generally, teeth with healthy roots and adequate bone support are good candidates for root canal treatment. However, factors that may affect the ability to perform a root canal include:

1. Severe Bone Loss: If there's significant bone loss around the tooth, it may not be viable for treatment.

2. Complex Root Anatomy: Some teeth, particularly molars, can have complex root systems or calcified tissues that make treatment challenging.

3. Non-Viable Tooth: If the tooth is extensively fractured or has been severely damaged beyond repair, extraction may be the better option.

4. Unsuccessful Previous Treatment: In cases where previous root canal treatment has failed, re-treatment or surgery may be needed.

If you don’t get a root canal when it's needed, the infection or damage in the tooth can worsen. Here’s what might happen:

1. Increased Pain: The pain may intensify, becoming more severe and difficult to manage.

2. Spread of Infection: The infection can spread to surrounding tissues, leading to swelling, abscesses, or even systemic infections.

3. Tooth Loss: The affected tooth may become so damaged that it can’t be saved, leading to extraction.

4. Bone Loss: Chronic infection can cause bone loss around the tooth, which can affect neighboring teeth and overall oral health.

5. Complications: In rare cases, untreated infections can lead to serious health complications, such as infections spreading to other parts of the body.

During a root canal procedure, you should not feel pain. Local anesthesia is used to numb the affected tooth and surrounding area, ensuring you are comfortable throughout the treatment. Some patients may feel pressure or slight discomfort, but significant pain is usually well-managed with anesthesia.

After the procedure, it's normal to experience some soreness or sensitivity in the treated area for a few days, which can usually be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers. If you have any concerns about pain during or after the procedure, be sure to discuss them with your provider. We can provide you with more information on what to expect and how to manage any discomfort.

A root canal procedure typically takes about 1 to 2 hours.

The exact duration can vary based on several factors, including:

1. Tooth Type: Front teeth generally take less time than molars due to their simpler root structures.

2. Complexity: If the tooth has complicated root canals or extensive damage or calcification, the procedure may take longer.

3. Number of Visits: Some cases may require multiple visits, especially if there is infection that needs to be treated first or if a permanent filling needs to be placed afterward.